Hedera is an enterprise-grade public network designed for the decentralized economy, enabling individuals and businesses to build robust decentralized applications (DApps). It aims to provide a fairer and more efficient system by addressing limitations found in older blockchain platforms, such as instability and slow performance.
The project was funded via an initial coin offering (ICO) in August 2018, allowing investors to buy the native utility token, HBAR, at the lowest possible price. Open access to the mainnet launched just over a year later, in September 2019.
HBAR serves two primary functions on the Hedera public network. First, it acts as the fuel for services like smart contracts, file storage, and standard transactions. Second, it helps secure the network, as users can stake their tokens to maintain platform integrity.
Hedera Hashgraph positions itself as an alternative to traditional blockchain technology, focusing on speed, efficiency, and security. While older blockchains often use proof-of-work (PoW) and newer ones use proof-of-stake (PoS), Hedera uses a unique structure built from scratch. It operates on a PoS model intended to boost transaction verification efficiency, enhance security, and protect against hacker attacks. The ecosystem relies on the hashgraph consensus algorithm and a global enterprise governing body.
As a distributed ledger technology (DLT), Hedera differs from other blockchains by using the hashgraph consensus algorithm. This approach aims to process transactions faster, remove delays, and stabilize the transactions per second (TPS) rate. Hashgraph is claimed to offer improvements in speed, cost, and scalability.
Core network services include:
- Consensus Service (HCS): Clients send messages to negotiate consensus timestamping and order. State is stored offline, allowing users to define privacy and access control.
- Hedera Token Service (HTS): This enables customers to create and manage tokens, supporting built-in tokenization.
The hashgraph goal is to increase transaction speed, with a focus on high-volume operations like micropayments, data integrity, and tokenization. Similar to the EVM, Hedera maintains a virtual machine for writing smart contracts in Solidity and offers built-in KYC and AML checks.
Technically, Hedera is a hashgraph, not a blockchain. In this consensus algorithm, users agree on the transaction order. Unlike blockchains, no block equivalents are discarded; all transaction branches are merged and used to reach consensus.
A key feature is the Gossip-about-Gossip protocol. According to Dr. Leemon Baird, Hedera’s inventor, nodes randomly transmit data about themselves to other nodes via hashgraph using the Gossip protocol. This allows all nodes in a cluster to become familiar with each other, forming a data structure containing a payload of transactions, a timestamp, a digital signature, and hashes to previous structures.
HBAR powers applications on the network, covering network services, transaction fees, in-app payments, and micropayments. Developers use HBAR to pay for fees related to smart contracts, file storage, and currency exchange. The token also incentivizes and pays network nodes.
Hedera Hashgraph features a distinct decentralized governance system. The Governing Council makes all critical decisions regarding pricing policy, software updates, and wealth management.